<p>The Well of Zamzam  is a well located within the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, 20 m east of the Kaaba, the holiest place in Islam. According to Islamic mythology, it is a miraculously generated source of water from God, which sprang thousands of years ago when Abraham&#39;s  infant son Ishmael  was left with his mother Hagar  in the desert, where he was thirsty and kept crying. Millions of pilgrims visit the well each year while performing the Hajj or Umrah pilgrimages, in order to drink its water.</p><br>
<h2>Traditional origin</h2><br>
<p>Islamic tradition states that the Zamzam Well was revealed to Hagar, the second wife of Abraham and mother of Ishmael. By the instruction of God, Abraham left his wife and son at a spot in the desert and walked away. She was desperately seeking water for her infant son, but she could not find any, as Mecca is located in a hot dry valley with few sources of water. Hajra ran seven times back and forth in the scorching heat between the two hills of Safa and Marwah, looking for water. Getting thirstier by the second, the infant Ishmael scraped the land with his feet, where suddenly water sprang out. There are other versions of the story involving God sending his angel, Gabriel (Jibra&#39;il), who kicked the ground with his heel (or wing), and the water rose. A similar story about a well is also mentioned in the Bible.</p><br>
<p>The name of the well comes from the phrase Zomë Zomë, meaning "stop flowing", a command repeated by Hagara during her attempt to contain the spring water.</p><br>
<p>According to Islamic tradition, Abraham rebuilt the Bayt Allah ("House of God", cognate of the Hebrew-derived place name Bethel) near the site of the well, a building which had been originally constructed by Adam (Adem), and today is called the Kaaba, a building toward which Muslims around the world face in prayer, five times each day. The Zamzam Well is located approximately 20 m east of the Kaaba.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The well originally had two cisterns in the first era, one for drinking and one for ablution. At that time, it was a simple well surrounded by a fence of stones. Then in the era of the Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur 771 AD (154/155 AH) a dome was built above the well, and it was tiled with marble.</p><br>
<p>In 775 AD (158/159 AH), Al-Mahdi rebuilt the well during his caliphate, and built a dome of teak which was covered with mosaic. One small dome covered the well, and a larger dome covered the room for the pilgrims. In 835 AD (220 AH) there was further restoration, and the dome was covered with marble during the caliphate of Al-Mu&#39;tasim.</p><br>
<p>In 1417 (819/820 AH), during the time of the Mamluks, the mosque was damaged by fire, and required restoration. Further restoration occurred in 1430 (833/834 AH), and again in 1499 (904/95 AH) during the time of Sultan Qaitbay, when the marble was replaced.</p><br>
<p>In modern times, the most extensive restoration took place to the dome during the era of the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II in 1915 (1333/1334 AH). To facilitate crowd control, the building housing the Zamzam was moved away from its original location, to get it out of the way of the Tawaf, when millions of pilgrims would circumambulate the Kaaba. The water of the well is now pumped to the eastern part of the mosque, where it was made available in separate locations for men and women.</p><br>
<h2>Technical information</h2><br>
<p>The Zamzam well was excavated by hand, and is about 30 m deep and 1.08 to 2.66 m in diameter. It taps groundwater from the wadi alluvium and some from the bedrock. Originally water from the well was drawn via ropes and buckets, but today the well itself is in a basement room where it can be seen behind glass panels (visitors are not allowed to enter). Electric pumps draw the water, which is available throughout the Masjid al-Haram via water fountains and dispensing containers near the Tawaf area.</p><br>
<p>Hydrogeologically, the well is in the Wadi Ibrahim (Valley of Abraham). The upper half of the well is in the sandy alluvium of the valley, lined with stone masonry except for the top metre (3 ft) which has a concrete "collar". The lower half is in the bedrock. Between the alluvium and the bedrock is a 1/2 m section of permeable weathered rock, lined with stone, and it is this section that provides the main water entry into the well. Water in the well comes from absorbed rainfall in the Wadi Ibrahim, as well as run-off from the local hills. Since the area has become more and more settled, water from absorbed rainfall on the Wadi Ibrahim has decreased.</p><br>
<p>The Saudi Geological Survey has a "Zamzam Studies and Research Centre" which analyses the technical properties of the well in detail. Water levels were monitored by hydrograph, which in more recent times has changed to a digital monitoring system that tracks the water level, electric conductivity, pH, Eh, and temperature. All of this information is made continuously available via the Internet. Other wells throughout the valley have also been established, some with digital recorders, to monitor the response of the local aquifer system.</p><br>
<p>Zamzam water is colourless and odorless, but has a distinct taste, with a pH of 7.5–7.7, indicating that it is alkaline to some extent.</p><br>
<h2>The water and potential health risks</h2><br>
<p>The British Food Standards Agency has in the past issued warnings about water claiming to be from the Zamzam Well containing dangerous levels of arsenic; such sales have also been reported in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), where it is illegal to sell Zamzam water. In May 2011, a BBC London investigation found that water taken from taps connected to the Zamzam Well contained high levels of nitrate, potentially harmful bacteria, and arsenic at levels three times the legal limit in the UK, the same levels found in illegal water purchased in the UK. Arsenic is a carcinogen, raising concerns that any who regularly consume commercial Zamzam water in large quantities may be exposed to higher risks of cancer.</p><br>
<p>Later in that month the Council of British Hajjis stated that drinking Zamzam water was safe and disagreed with the BBC report. They also went on to point out that the Government of Saudi Arabia does not allow the export of Zamzam water for resale. Also stating that it was unknown if the water being sold in the UK was genuine, people should not buy it and report the sellers to the Trading Standards.</p><br>
<p>The BBC&#39;s findings have drawn mixed reactions from the Muslim community. Environmental health officer Dr Yunes Ramadan Teinaz told the British broadcaster about commercially marketed Zamzam water that, "People see this water as a holy water. They find it difficult to accept that it is contaminated, but the authorities in Saudi Arabia or in the U.K. must take action." The Saudi authorities have stated that water from the well was tested by the Group Laboratories of CARSO-LSEHL in Lyon, licensed by the French Ministry of Health for the testing of drinking water. According to reports of these results, the level of arsenic in Zamzam water taken at its source is much lower than the maximum amount permitted by the World Health Organization. The Saudi authorities have thus said that the water is fit for human consumption. Zuhair Nawab, president of the Saudi Geological Survey (SGS), has claimed that the Zamzam Well is tested on a daily basis, in a process involving the taking of three samples from the well. These are said to be examined in the King Abdullah Zamzam Water Distribution Center in Mecca, which is equipped with advanced facilities.</p><br>
<p>The Knickerbocker Building is an eclectic, Dutch Colonial Revival industrial building located at 50-52 Webster Avenue in the city of New Rochelle, Westchester County, New York.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Knickerbocker Press Building is actually a connected series of large brick industrial buildings, with Dutch or Flemish stepped gables and a square four-story tower. The building has three sections, the main section sited with its eaves parallel to the street, and two smaller gable front sections connected on the east side of the main building. This structure, with its Flemish gable, arched windows and decorative brickwork, it falls into the rather rare Flemish Renaissance Revival style. There is a three-story brick International-style addition from the 1930s with steel industrial sash on the front facade, adjacent to the tower, but the rest of the exterior appears to be original. Much of its original form and detailing remain, including poly-chromatic decorative brickwork around the windows and doors, and masonry retaining walls that extend north to the railroad where they form the abutments of the Webster A venue Bridge. The words "The Knickerbocker Press" are still visible on the roof.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1889 by G.P. Putnam and Sons, one of the nations leading publishers at the time. Knickerbocker is a term often used to describe a native or inhabitant of New York, after the original Dutch settlers of the area. The Knickerbocker Press may have derived its name from the companys interest in the works of Washington Irving, originally published by G.P. Putnam, including his famous Knickerbockers History of New York, and for which the company hoped to obtain a second term of copyrights, as the early copyrights had expired. Irving was a proponent of Dutch and Netherlandish architecture, as evidenced by his descriptions of Dutch colonial architecture in his writings, and seen at his own home, Sunnyside, in Tarrytown, New York. According to city assessors records, the building was owned by the Knickerbocker Press until 1934, four years after George Haven Putnam&#39;s death.</p><br>
<p>After 30 years as a publishing house, American White Cross Laboratories, moved in and manufactured bandages, gauze pads, cotton balls, and related products there until 1995. Parts of the complex were used as artists&#39; lofts during the 1980s and 1990s by artists. The building was converted into residential lofts in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the Westchester County, New York State and National Registers of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Isla de Lobos is a small island located about 8 km southeast of Punta del Este . An islet lies east of the island.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is an outcropping of rocks as a continuation of the Cuchilla Grande, in an area of the Atlantic Ocean immediately at the mouth (outer limit) of the estuary of Río de la Plata. Administratively, it falls under the jurisdiction of the province of Maldonado, although it constitutes a natural reserve. Somewhat to the northwest is the smaller Gorriti Island which is the secondmost southerly place in Uruguay.</p><br>
<p>Isla de Lobos was exploited economically until 1992. Hunting the island&#39;s marine life was prohibited by law in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Today it constitutes a nature reserve that is integrated into the "Coastal Islands National Park" administered by the Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture, and Fisheries.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was first documented by Spanish navigator Juan Díaz de Solís in 1516 and named "San Sebastian de Cádiz". In 1527, it was visited by the Venetian navigator Sebastian Cabot during his expedition to the Río de la Plata and Paraná. In 1528, Diego García de Moguer sailed to the region and named it the "Island of the Snapper." In 1599, the island was visited by Laurens Bicker.</p><br>
<h2>Lighthouse</h2><br>
<p>In 1858 the Uruguayan government erected a lighthouse on the island, which was rebuilt in 1906. With its height of 59 meters above sea level, From the balcony outside, which is accessed by 240 steps, there is a wonderful panoramic view of the island and the coast of Punta del Este.</p><br>
<p>In July 2001, it became the first automated lighthouse in Uruguay, using solar energy and other new technology. It has a siren that runs on compressed air to provide an alternative signal on days of thick fog.</p><br>
<h2>Animals</h2><br>
<p>Isla de Lobos and Gorriti Island are parts of a nature reserve, holding the largest colony of South American sea lions and South American fur seals in the western hemisphere: in 2005 there were 250,000 sea lions of the species called "two hairs" and 1,500 of the species known as the "wig." Fewer in numbers, southern elephant seals also appear around the area.</p><br>
<p>Punta del Este is one of the most famous wintering area for southern right whales in Uruguay and shore-based whale watching is becoming a popular attraction. Can also be found different types of orcas and birds.</p><br>
<p>The area is one of few areas in Uruguay where more frequent appearances of orcas have been confirmed; their prey in the area may include tunas.</p><br>
<p>Ternopil Lake  is a large artificial pond, a reservoir set in the center of Ternopil created in the place of swamps on the river Seret. Today Ternopil pond is surrounded by a park. It is a favorite walking place of residents and visitors of the city. Only two European cities have the lake in the center and one of them is Ternopil. On the embankment of the Ternopil Lake takes place the festival of forge art. The Church of Exaltation of the Cross which is the architectural monument of the 16th century is situated near the lake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was created in 1548 by Crown Hetman Jan Tarnowski as one link in a chain of fortifications encircling his residence, the Tarnopol Castle. In the 16th century the pond stretched for 7 km up to the high dam carrying the Lwów Highway. At the beginning of the 20th century, the pond was leased by Ternopil businessman Volodymyr Trach, who exported fish to Poland.</p><br>
<p>In addition it was also used for fish breeding. The pond, formerly renowned for its fisheries, had silted up by the mid-20th century and was further damaged during the Second World War. During the Second World War, Ternopil pond was completely destroyed. It was reconstructed and expanded in 1952 to include a network of marshes bordering the Seret River during the massive rebuilding of Ternopil. At that time, it was decided to transfer the water resources to the local authorities in 1956, which began to recover the Ternopil pond. A new dam was built resulting in a higher water level than before. The mended pond had taken a much larger area - more than 300 hectares, and was subsequently named as Komsomol lake. Shevchenko Park was established between the pond and the city center in 1953, which stretched along the eastern shores of the lake. In the 1960s, the beach near the Old Castle was eliminated and in its place a central pier was built. A local version of the Jet dEau was inaugurated in 1975. In the 1980s the landscaping around the Komsomolsk lake continued to be developed. A hydropark "Pioneer" behind the dam was created, which later was renamed as "Topilche." Hotel "Moscow" was also built at the foot of the Forest Park "Zagrebellya". Subsequently, the hotels name was changed to "Halychyna". Also, Ternopil pond has two islands: the Island of Love and "The Seagull" (“Chayka”).</p><br>
<p>An old Soviet motor ship, "The Hero Tantsorov" still operating on the pond. In 1968, the ship appeared in Ternopil named in honor of Gregory Tantsorov - one of the liberators of the city from German occupation. The ship originally was called "Zalishchyky" and was built in 1963 in Belarus. The overhaul of "The Hero Tantsorov" was made in 2006. In 1966 a small motor ship "PT-50" appeared on the pond ("Passenger ship - Fifty Project"), built in 1964. In 2005, the two ships were passed to the ownership of municipal enterprise “Ternopilelektrotrans”.</p><br>
<p>The pond has significant economic importance in the 21st century, operating four mills that bring profits to the city. There are a lot of fish in the lake such as pike, perch, carp, and others. There are also a lot of algae and the yellow water lily that blooms in late June. To the west of the pond near the village Pronyatyn, various types of willows are existent. Also, wild ducks and gulls swim and breed in Ternopil pond.</p><br>
<h2>Photogallery</h2><br>
<p>St. Landry Catholic Church is a historic Roman Catholic church in Opelousas, Louisiana. It is dedicated to Saint Landry of Paris .</p><br>
<p>"The Mother Church of Acadiana", JStor.org, 2010, webpage:</p><br>
<p>The current church building, in Romanesque Revival style, was completed in 1909.</p><br>
<p>"Home - St. Landry Catholic Church", 2010, webpage:</p><br>
<p>The church and cemetery were placed on the National Register of Historic Places in the United States, on May 5, 1982. By 1792, the church had been renamed from the original title, "Parish Church of the Immaculate Conception of the Post of Opelousas".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the days of the early 18th century, the area of what is now known as Opelousas was settled by a number of Catholics, many of whom were from Nova Scotia and had no established parish in which to worship. Although there was no official church yet, there was a baptismal ritual which was recorded on May 16, 1756, by Father Pierre Didier, at the home of Jacques Courtableau (now located in Washington, Louisiana).</p><br>
<p>The early records of the church, which were saved by Fr. Joseph de Arazena, the fourth pastor of the church of Opelousas from 1785 to 1789, mentions a Capuchin, Fr. Valentin, as the first resident priest in 1764. By 1767, a wooden, cypress church had been built near Bayou Courtableau, and it became the parish church in 1770. It was rebuilt in 1774. The records also show that the church was originally called the "Parish Church of the Immaculate Conception of the Post of Opelousas".</p><br>
<p>Worship at the present site was not begun until the year 1798, when the construction of a wood-frame building was completed, and the parish name was changed to "The Church of St Landry". There is no actual record of the original location of the church, but it is believed, according to Fr. Michael Bernard Barriere, pastor from 1813 to 1817, that the church was located a short distance from the present site and being on the Bayou Tesson.</p><br>
<p>It is customary, in the Louisiana area, to name a bayou</p><br>
<p>by appending a proper name similar to naming a lake, such as</p><br>
<p>"Bayou Smith" (or Lake Smith) rather than "Smith Bayou".</p><br>
<p>He noted that: "During the year 1798, the present church was moved from the bayou (he spells it "Baillou") in the locality called Ponte a M. Tesson".</p><br>
<p>Michel Prudhomme donated a section of land of 120 arpent, 3x40 arpents in width/length, and M. Tesson donated a section of 1 x. The land donated by Mrs. Tesson was located between the present site of the church and Bayou Tesson, also known as the Gully, to the west. The donation of land was made on October 16, 1796. Later the land donated by Tesson was sold to the Marguilliers and was known as the "Church Addition". A Marguillier is a churchwarden: churchwardens were a group of layman who were in charge of the church property and money. They governed the church and even controlled the salary of the priests in many cases. Michel Prudhomme is buried in the nave of the present church. Michel Prudhomme&#39;s French Colonial home, built around 1770, still stands near the church, and is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>By the early 19th century, the old wooden structure that was built on Bayou Tesson and moved in 1798 to the present site, was in a very dilapidated condition. It had lasted about fifty years. On an official visit by the Rt. Rev. William Louis Dubourg, a recommendation was made that a new church be built. If possible, a brick structure was to be erected. Finally, on March 4, 1828, the new brick church was consecrated by Bishop Rosati, of St. Louis, Administrator of Louisiana. The church measured 60 xx, and was later expanded to 100 ft wide by Fr. Gilbert Raymond. Fr. Gilbert Raymond and his brother Fr. J. Francois Raymond were in charge of the parish for thirty-five years. They started a school for boys which was known as St. Mary&#39;s Academy for Boys. His next step was affording the girls the same opportunity of acquiring a solid, Christian education. After purchasing a piece of land, the Academy of the Immaculate Conception was started.</p><br>
<p>During the year of 1870, Fr. Raymond purchased another piece of land for the creation of a school for the black children of the parish. This school was known under the name of St. Joseph&#39;s School.</p><br>
<p>Of Fr. Raymond&#39;s greatest works, was the starting of the college for young men, which had an important part in the development of the entire state of Louisiana. Many men, leaders in business, professional and political life of the section, leaders of their people in general, of great intellectual ability and deep practical faith received their education in the parochial school and finished at the college. Much of the glory of Southwest Louisiana may be attributed to the training which the citizens received from the college, and moral precepts which were made an important factor in the course of instruction.</p><br>
<p>In 1895, the Very Reverend John Engberink Rector and Dean, was given the task of erecting a new church and presbytery. At the same time, he was promoted from the parish in Cameron to St. Landry. This was a great undertaking and would prove to be a great asset to the worshipers of the parish of St. Landry. The work of removing and clearing away of the old church was started in 1902. A temporary church, which had been completed and occupied in 1900, was used until the new church was erected. The new rectory was occupied at the same time. The old bricks of the previous structure were preserved and used in the foundation of the present church.</p><br>
<p>The actual work on the new church was started in September, 1903. The foundation resting on a bed of concrete 6 x, starting 7 ft below the surface of the ground, was built four feet above the surface and given considerable time to harden, before the walls were started. The construction of the walls began in the winter of 1908-09 and was completed and occupied, the first Mass being said on the first Friday of April 1909. The cornerstone had been laid August 8, 1908. The size of the church was very large, being 189 x wide in the transepts, and 74 ft in the body of the church. The seating capacity was about 2000. The church has been the second-largest church in the South and the second-oldest parish in the diocese. The interior of the church was not completed until later, because of lack of funds.</p><br>
<p>When in 1919 Fr. Albeit Benedict Colliard was made pastor, after the death of Fr. Engberink, he took on the task of completing the church. Fr. Colliard paid off the large debt incurred in building the church and added stained-glass windows. The steeple was added also. When the church was first built there was only a flat roof on the tower. The steeple was added on later.</p><br>
<p>Fr. Colliard died on May 7, 1950, at the age of 69 and is buried in the St. Landry Cemetery. Monsignor Broussard was the next pastor of the parish. Arriving in 1950, he remained until 1972. While here, Fr. Broussard reestablished a boys&#39; school. As a builder he moved the academy, which is now Opelousas Catholic, from south of the church to due east of the church, had a new two-story rectory constructed north of the church, and then in 1963 had the interior of the church redecorated and air conditioned.</p><br>
<p>The church and the church cemetery were placed on the National Register of Historic Places in the United States on May 5, 1982.</p><br>
<p>To this date there have been 24 pastors, countless assistants, and 3 deacons who served the people of this parish. Father James Brady is the current pastor, with John W. Miller, Sammy Diesi, and Dwayne Joubert as his Permanent Deacons.</p><br>
<p>The Carson House is a historic house and museum located in Marion, North Carolina that was the home of Col. John Carson, and served as the McDowell County courthouse at the county&#39;s inception.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1793, The Carson House is one of the oldest standing structures in Marion along with the nearby Joseph McDowell House. Large walnut logs were harvested from nearby Buck Creek to construct the massive three-story plantation house. Between 1804-1827, the area now known as McDowell County was a large producer of gold, and people from all over the country came to "strike it rich" before the California Gold Rush of 1849. The 1843 meeting to formally organize McDowell County out of the counties of Burke County and Rutherford County took place in the home of Col. John Carson, and the county was named after Col. Joseph McDowell, the hero of the American Revolution at the Battle of Kings Mountain. Originally, the county commissioners wanted the county seat to be located around the Carson House, but concerns about disrupting plantation life led to the Carson family donating 50 acre a few miles east for the county seat. Col. John Carsons son Joseph McDowell Carson, built Green River Plantation near Columbus, Polk County, North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>For many years, The Carson House served as a stagecoach inn and social center, and was a stopping point for important historical figures such as Davy Crockett, Sam Houston, and Andrew Jackson, who reportedly lost money gambling on the horses that raced at the Carson Plantation. Dan Kanipe, one of only two survivors of General Custer&#39;s unit in the Battle of Little Bighorn lived in Marion, and spent some years living at the Carson House.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>After extensive renovations, the house was opened to the public as a museum and library in 1964. The Carson House maintains a unique collection of research materials and books, along with dozens of family histories in its library. The Mary M. Greenlee Genealogical Research and History Room has been a part of the house since the early 1970s, and is constantly adding to its archives. Today, The Carson House is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and is open to the public as a museum. In 2007, it was listed as a certified destination on the NC Civil War Trail.</p><br>
<p>Heiser, Rosenfeld, and Strauss Buildings, also known as Inner Harbor Lofts I, is a historic loft building located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a complex of three structures. The Heiser Building is a Romanesque Revival style, six-story brick, stone, and iron structure, eight bays wide and 14 bays deep, built as a show factory in 1886. The Rosenfeld Building is a six-story, five-bay loft building, with Beaux Arts styling and built for E. Rosenfeld and Company in 1905. The Strauss Building is a six-story high, six-bay wide, and 11-bay deep loft structure built in 1887 for the Kinny Tobacco Company, cigarette manufacturers, and later occupied by the Strauss Brothers, clothing manufacturers and became part of the Rosenfeld complex around 1910.</p><br>
<p>Heiser, Rosenfeld, and Strauss Buildings was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Gunther Brewing Company is a historic brewery building located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. The site comprises 15 masonry buildings. The main structure is a five-story brick "L"-shaped Romanesque Revival-style brew house with a two-story brick ice plant built about 1910 and one- and two-story boiler room. Additional brew houses built in 1936 and 1950 are also on the property. The Tulkoff Factory and Warehouse was built about 1964. It was home to the George Gunther, Jr. Brewing Company, founded in 1900. By 1959 it was the second largest brewery in Baltimore, when it produced 800,000 barrels per year and employed approximately 600 people. Hamm&#39;s Brewing Company bought the Gunther Brewing Company in 1960. Later acquired by the F. & M. Schaefer Brewing Company in 1963, the plant was closed in 1978. The Tulkoff company briefly used the factory for their sauce products at the conclusion of all brewing operations.</p><br>
<p>After that, large portions of the rear walls of some buildings were demolished to facilitate salvage. The former brewery has been redeveloped into a modern, mixed-use building called The Gunther, much like other Canton buildings.</p><br>
<p>Gunther Brewing Company was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>G. Krug & Son Ironworks is a historic iron works located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a complex consisting of a two-story tall gable-roofed building dating from the first quarter of the 19th century, which houses the earliest shop; a four-story tall Victorian building which houses a business office on the first floor and storage rooms on the upper floors; and a three-story tall shed-roofed addition dating from 1870-1880. It is in its fifth generation as a family business.</p><br>
<p>G. Krug & Son began in 1810 and is recognized as the oldest continuously operating blacksmith shop in the United States. The works is responsible for iron grills, railings, and other architectural elements that may be seen on buildings throughout Baltimore and at the Ginter House in Richmond, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>G. Krug & Son was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Lala Chunnamal ki Haveli  is a rare haveli  surviving in a well-preserved condition within the old Delhi area.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>In the mid-1800s, Lala Chunnamal was an extremely wealthy merchant based in Chandni Chowk, Old Delhi. His family belonged to the Khatri caste of Punjabi tradesmen and were staunch Hindus.</p><br>
<h3>Role during 1857 war</h3><br>
<p>During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Lala Chunnamal emerged as one of the wealthiest men in Delhi, having astutely read which way the wind was blowing, and made a vast fortune supplying provisions to the British. He had also refused a request for a loan from Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar himself. Having refused the Emperor, he had left the city overnight after having previously sent much of his wealth out of the city secretly. After the hostilities ended, the British ordered the exile (forcible removal) of all Muslims from the city of Delhi. The poet Mirza Ghalib specifically mentioned the name of Lala Chunnamal while lamenting that men of low birth and less honour, like Chunnamal, were crowing and exulting in their glittering "illuminated mansions," while honourable men of old and noble families were "sifting the dirt" after being trampled down by the British.</p><br>
<h3>Saving a mosque</h3><br>
<p>However, the tradesman was to prove the poet wrong in his estimation of the man. Among the properties which Lala Chunnamal acquired during this period was the Fatehpuri Masjid, a sprawling 17th century mosque built by one of the wives of Mughal emperor Shah Jehan, and located not far from Chunnamal&#39;s mansion in old Delhi. After the Muslims were expelled from the city in 1857, the mosque was deemed redundant, and was auctioned by the British with the intention that it be demolished and the land be used for building new houses and shops. Lala Chunnamal purchased the structure at auction for the massive sum of Rs. 19,000. Lala Chunnamal, a Hindu belonging to an orthodox, upper-caste family, did not demolish the mosque but preserved it. He did this in spite of the fact that there were no Muslims in the area who could pray in the mosque. He just kept the mosque locked up and waited, like a philosophical Hindu, for times to change.</p><br>
<p>Twenty years later, in 1877, the British lifted the prohibition against Muslims entering (or living in) Delhi. This was done at the time of the Delhi Darbar of 1877, when Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India. At this time, the mosque was acquired by the British and made available to Muslims for prayer. Lala Chunnilal received an estate of four villages in exchange for the mosque. It is noteworthy that a similar mosque, Akbarabadi Masjid, built by another wife of Shah Jahan, did not survive under similar circumstances. That mosque had succumbed to British cannon fire during the battle and a very ruined structure had been auctioned later.</p><br>
<h2>The haveli</h2><br>
<p>The prosperity of the family survived into the twentieth century. The family was involved in the venture to establish India&#39;s first textile mill. Also, the Chunnamal family was the first in Delhi to acquire an automobile and a phone. Interestingly, the actress Simi Garewal was briefly married to Ravi Mohan, a scion of the Chunnamal family.</p><br>
<p>Today, the ancestral haveli of the family, which stands in the heart of Old Delhi, is the last mansion to survive in a well-preserved condition. The mansion, known as Lala Chunnamal ki haveli, is located in the Katra Nil section of Chandni Chowk. It is spread over one acre of land, with 128 rooms built on three floors. The mansion is surrounded by as many as 139 shops. An inscription on the wall of the mansion&#39;s drawing room states that it was built in 1848. However, some parts of it were added in 1864. The eighth generation of the Chunnamal family, headed by Anil Pershad, currently lives in the main residential portion of the mansion.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>It is built using traditional material including lakhori bricks and lime mortar.</p><br>
<p>Cecil Apartments is a historic apartment building located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a seven story building constructed of multiple shades of light colored brick, accented with limestone and cast terra cotta ornament in the Beaux Arts style. The structure takes the form of a "T" in plan. When constructed in 1902, it was one of the first important apartment buildings in Baltimore, built at the edge of the city’s most elite downtown neighborhood, Bolton Hill. It was designed by a well known Baltimore architect, Edward Hughes Glidden and marked the evolution of elite living that had come to characterize the Bolton Hill neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Cecil Apartments was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Pratt Street Power Plant — also known as the Pier Four Power Plant, The Power Plant, "Pratt Street Toenail", and Pratt Street Station — is a historic former power plant located in downtown Baltimore, Maryland, USA. It has undergone significant repurposing development since retirement and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The building and its active years</h3><br>
<p>The structure is a 132 by complex of three buildings located at Pratt Street and Pier 4 at Baltimore’s Inner Harbor. The structures are brick with terra cotta trim and steel frame construction. It was built between 1900 and 1909 and is a massive industrial structure with Neo-Classical detailing designed by the noted architectural firm of Baldwin & Pennington. It was one of only 11 buildings in the zone of the Baltimore Fire of 1904 to survive that event.</p><br>
<p>It served as the main source of power for the United Railways and Electric Company, a consolidation of smaller street railway systems, that influenced the provision of citywide transportation and opened up suburban areas of Baltimore to power its electric street railway in the city. It later served as a central steam plant for the Consolidated Gas, Electric Light and Power Company, a predecessor of the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company.</p><br>
<p>The boilers were coal-fired, and the plant&#39;s location on the harbor allowed easy delivery of coal by ship. The location also provided access to cooling water for the condensers, with intake on one side of the pier and discharge on the other.</p><br>
<p>The plant, with by-then obsolete equipment, was used sparingly until it was returned to service to meet the World War II production demand for electricity. Baltimore Gas & Electric finally ceased use of it in 1973.</p><br>
<h3>Post-retirement life</h3><br>
<p>After the electric plant was retired from service, the building was vacant several years, eventually becoming acquired by the City of Baltimore. It has since been redeveloped and repurposed for a variety of commercial projects.</p><br>
<p>The first two attempts at redevelopment - an indoor Six Flags theme park (1985–1989) and a short-lived dance club called P.T. Flaggs (1989–1990) - were not successful. Since that time, other projects have had more success. The Power Plants more recent tenants have included the first ESPN Zone in the country (opened July 11, 1998; closed June 2010 and replaced by Phillips Seafood), Hard Rock Cafe (opened July 4, 1997), Barnes & Noble, Gold&#39;s Gym (closed early 2010; and replaced by Pandion Performance Center in June 2015), and loft offices. Maryland Art Place, a contemporary art gallery for Maryland artists, is located in the northwest corner. It lends its name to the nearby Power Plant Live! nightlife complex. In November 2011, the former ESPN Zone space was filled by Phillips seafood restaurant, which moved from its longtime location inside Harborplace.</p><br>
<p>The Cordish Company has its headquarters on the sixth floor. Cordish also developed the adjacent Pier IV building, whose tenants include Family Meal (a contemporary-diner restaurant by Bryan Voltaggio), Chipotle Mexican Grill, and Dick&#39;s Last Resort.</p><br>
<p>The Sanju, or Sanju-la, with an elevation of 5,364 m, is a historical mountain pass in the Kun Lun Mountains in Xinjiang, China. During ancient times, it was the last on a series of difficult passes on the most common summer caravan route between Ladakh and the Tarim Basin. In recent years, besides being used by the locals, it is also become a trekking route for Chinese trekkers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Caravan routes</h3><br>
<p>Historically, the main route from Northern India to the Tarim Basin led through the Nubra Valley in Ladakh across the ice-covered Sasser Pass (5,411 m) and the even higher Karakoram Pass (5,575 m) and the relatively easy Suget Pass to the staging post at Shahidulla. From there in summer the caravans normally headed north across the Sanju Pass to modern Guma (Pishan) in the Tarim Basin and then either northwest to Karghalik and Yarkand or northeast to Khotan.</p><br>
<p>After traversing the Sanju Pass, the caravans descended to the village of Sanju from where a good road led 122 mi to Yarkand, meeting up with the Kilian route at Bora and the Kilik and Kugiar routes at Karghalik.</p><br>
<p>From Shahidula to the Tarim Basin the traveller had a choice of three passes, the Kilik (not to be confused with the Kilik Pass leading from the Hunza Valley to the north), the Kilian Pass and the Sanju; but the usual route for caravans in the 19th century was via the Sanju Pass.</p><br>
<p>The Kilik Pass was reportedly once frequently used by Balti merchants based in Yarkand and had plenty of fodder and fuel at every stage. It was said to be the easiest and shortest route, but merchants were not allowed to use it for political reasons. Travellers were also often prevented from accessing it for considerable periods during hot weather due to flooding of the Toghra about 9 mi below Shahidula. After crossing the pass the route joined the Kugiar route at Beshterek, one day&#39;s march south of Karghalik.</p><br>
<p>Apparently, the Kilian was previously the most frequented pass, though it was little used in the 19th century except sometimes in the summer. It is higher than the Sanju Pass and also impractical for laden horses, but reportedly not so difficult to cross. The road then descends to the village of Kilian and, after two marches one reached Bora on the road between Sanju and Karghalik. The summit of the pass is always covered with ice and snow and is not practicable for laden ponies - yaks have to be used.</p><br>
<h3>19th-century Kashmiri claim</h3><br>
<p>During the Dungan revolt in 1862, the political status of Xinjiang as part of the Qing dynasty became uncertain. The border between British India and the semi-independent State of Kashmir with Xinjian became a matter of some speculation. In attempt to assert control to the Kunlun Mountains, the Maharajah of Kashmir constructed a fort at Shahidulla, and had troops stationed there for some years to protect caravans. Eventually, most sources placed Shahidulla and the upper Karakash River firmly within the territory of Xinjiang. According to Francis Younghusband, who explored the region in the late 1880s, there was only an abandoned fort and not one inhabited house at Shahidulla when he was there - it was just a convenient staging post and a convenient headquarters for the nomadic Kirghiz. The abandoned fort had apparently been built a few years earlier by the Kashmiris. There is evidence that the Chinese had mined jade in the region at least as early as the Later Han Dynasty and up until the quarries were abandoned during the Muslim Rebellion in 1863-4, just prior to Mr. Johnson&#39;s trip in 1865.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Douglas Forsyth who was entrusted with the task of visiting the Court of Atalik Ghazi pursuant to the visit on 28 March 1870 of the envoy of Atalik Ghazi, Mirza Mohammad Shadi, stated that "it would be very unsafe to define the boundary of Kashmir in the direction of the Karakoram…. Between the Karakoram and the Karakash the high Plateau is perhaps rightly described as rather a no-mans land, but I should say with a tendency to become Kashmir property".</p><br>
<p>Two stages beyond Shahidulla, as the route headed for the Sanju Pass, Forsyth’s party crossed the Tughra Su and passed an outpost called Nazr Qurghan. "This is manned by soldiers from Yarkand". In the words of John Lall, "Here we have an early example of coexistence. The Kashmiri and Yarkandi outposts were only two stages apart on either side of the Karakash river..." to the northwest of the Hindutash in the north eastern frontier region of Kashmir. This was the status quo that existed at the time of the mission to Kashgar in 1873-74 by Forsyth. "Elias himself recalled that, following his mission to Kashgar in 1873-74, Sir Douglas Forsyth recommended the Maharaja’s boundary to be drawn to the north of the Karakash valley as shown in the map accompanying the mission report. Whether this was ever done is doubtful.</p><br>
<p>The Qing dynasty quelled the Dungan revolt in 1878. Although the Maharajah of Kashmir apparently indicated a wish to reoccupy the fort at Shahidulla in 1885, he was prevented from doing so by the British and so the territory remained under effective Chinese control.</p><br>
<h3>Aftermath</h3><br>
<p>Since the reasserting control of the whole region by China in 1878, it has been considered part of Xinjiang. and has remained so ever since. Shahidulla is well to the north of any territories claimed by either India or Pakistan, while the Sanju and Kilian passes are further to the north of Shahidulla. A major Chinese road, China National Highway 219, runs from Kargilik (Yecheng) in the Tarim Basin, south through Shahidulla, and across the disputed Aksai Chin region still claimed by India, and into northeastern Tibet Autonomous Region.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>Mother Seton House is a historic home located on the grounds of St. Mary’s Seminary at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a -story red brick house, similar to other small homes built in the early 19th century for the predominantly French community nearby. It was built in 1808 as the home of Elizabeth Ann Seton , the first American-born woman beatified by the Roman Catholic Church. In the 1960s it was restored to its original appearance through the efforts of a committee, which continues to operate the home as a museum. Mother Seton House is located adjacent to the St. Mary&#39;s Seminary Chapel.</p><br>
<p>In 1972, Mother Seton House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Mother Seton’s connection</h2><br>
<p>This home on North Paca Street is most well known for its first owner, Mother Seton. She would arrive to the home in Baltimore on June 16, 1808, and stay until June 21, 1809. During her brief year in Baltimore, Seton would pay rent totaling at $250.00.</p><br>
<h2>House description</h2><br>
<p>Prior to the home’s existence, the land was occupied by French immigrants. They used the land mainly for tobacco and wheat farming. The house was constructed during the Federal Period roughly around 1807.Baltimore American</p><br>
<p>Sept. 30, 1962</p><br>
<p>By Sally Foster Although the architect of the original home is unknown, it is believed that Maximilian Godefroy was the mastermind behind the project. He was responsible for much of the designs in the surrounding buildings. WISE, G. (1975, Sep 11). Where the parochial schools all began. The Sun (1837-1987). The most notable feature about the home is the 26’ wide and 42’ deep staircase that can be seen from the entrance. The house contains at least three bedrooms on the second floor, but there is no total room count for the entire property.</p><br>
<h2>Reason it was built</h2><br>
<p>Elizabeth Seton voiced to Bishop Carroll her wishes to reunite with her children. In an agreement formulated; Bishop Carroll would send her sons down to Baltimore, suggesting that they enroll in school at St. Mary’s College. Fortunately, the bishop himself was the president of the college; therefore he could see that her sons were admitted. The only condition that Elizabeth Seton had to follow was to “establish a school for young girls.” This was to be a boarding school which welcomed girls of all ages. This was the first instance of pioneering Catholic education in the United States. The school was funded and developed through the Daughters of Charity.</p><br>
<h2>After Mother Seton</h2><br>
<p>After Mother Seton’s departure to Emmitsburg, Maryland in the summer of 1809, the house was left vacant for some time. This property served for a variety of purposes; in the late 19th century and early 20th century the home was used as a potato bin, and a place of storage and laundry services. After receiving much negative attention for its lack of upkeep, a local women’s group initiated the restoration of the home. The current owner of the property is the Sulpician Order, which also still retains control of St. Mary’s Seminary. In the process of renovation, the house was thoroughly documented by taking photos of both the interior and exterior in order to restore the home to its full originality. At the head of renovation were Mrs. Earnshaw and Mrs. Clinton K. Macsherry with their consultant, John H. Scarff. They furnished the home with decor from the Federal time period. During this time, many were behind the full restoration of this home; in particular, it can be noted that the Order of the Alhambra gave $20,000 for the project.</p><br>
<p>The Franklin Wesson House is an historic house at 8 Claremont Street in the Main South neighborhood of Worcester, Massachusetts. It is one of the finest High Gothic Victorian houses in the city. It was designed by architect Amos Porter Cutting.</p><br>
<p>The 2.5 story brick structure was built in 1874 for Franklin Wesson, one of the founders of Harrington & Richardson, a major Worcester arms manufacturer. It is roughly rectangular in form, but has a number of protrusions, most notably a three story tower over its entrance that is capped by a steeply pitched slate hip roof. The body of the house is also topped by a hip roof with a major bay on the right side whose steeply pitched roof rises to its own peak. The windows of the house are predominantly narrower with rounded tops, and there are horizontal bands of decorative brickwork at several levels.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Arad Alexander House is a historic house at 53 Waverly Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. Built about 1845 and moved in the 1860s, it is one of the city&#39;s most elaborate Greek Revival residences, and may have been designed by prominent local architect Elias Carter. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 5, 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Arad Alexander House stands in a densely built residential area southeast of downtown Worcester, on the north side of Waverly Street between Providence and Coral Streets. It is a two-story wood frame structure, with a front gable roof. Its main block follows a side hall plan, and the front facade is a full temple front, with Corinthian columns supporting a full entablature and triangular pediment adorned with modillion blocks. The front windows are topped by moulding with consoles and hoods. The main entrance has an elaborate Corinthian surround with sidelight and transom windows beneath a corniced entablature.</p><br>
<p>The house was built c. 1845, and is one of Worcesters most elaborate Greek Revival houses. Its original location and builder are unknown (although the later may be the locally prominent Elias Carter, based on stylistic evidence) but believed to be closer to the downtown area. The house was moved to its present location in the 1860s by Arad Alexander. Later owners subdivided the house into multiple units. One of its prominent 20th-century residents was Samuel Fine, who adjudicated disputes within the citys Jewish community.</p><br>
<p>The Walter Hand House is located on Angola Road in Cornwall, New York, United States. It is the main building of a five-acre  former farm, built around 1870, to serve as both a farmhouse and summer boardinghouse, in response to Cornwall&#39;s growing popularity as a summer resort.</p><br>
<p>Today it is known as Shadow Mountain Farm, owned and operated by the Cromwell Manor bed and breakfast 1.7 mi to the east along Angola. Both properties were listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The house sits on a gentle rise with a view to the west highlighting Schunemunk Mountain. The lot is the remainder of a much larger farm that has been subdivided since the house was built. There are six other buildings besides the house, all considered contributing resources to the NRHP listing.</p><br>
<p>It is a five-bay two-and-a-half-story clapboard-sided structure with Gothic detailing and a molded cornice and plain frieze at the roofline. The wooden-shingled roof, pierced by brick chimneys at either end, is cross-gabled by a two-story rear wing projecting from the south side, itself with a one-story pent-roofed bay on its own west.</p><br>
<p>A one-story porch fronts the entire east elevation, with a flat roof, bracketed cornice, piers with decorated capitals and a plain frieze similar to the roofline. Elaborate cutouts form the guardrail between piers.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the house follows a center hall plan. Many of the original finishings, hardware and trim remain. The attic, used as lodging for summer boarders, is completely finished as well.</p><br>
<p>The six other buildings, all contemporary with the house&#39;s original construction, are located slightly downhill and to the rear. There are a small complex of two two-story wooden barns, a kitchen building since converted into a home, a carriage house with its original doors and hardware, and a shed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built some time around 1870 by Hand, descended from one of Cornwalls oldest families. A successful apple farmer, he saw the growing interest of New York City residents in spending their summers amid the fresh air of Cornwall, and had the houses attic finished to take some in during that season. It was effectively built to be both a farmhouse and a summer boardinghouse.</p><br>
<p>It has passed through a variety of owners since then. Recently it has returned to its original use as lodging, with the owners of Cromwell Manor operating it as Shadow Mountain Farm Cottage, a bed and breakfast.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Allen House is an historic house at 65 Elm Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. Built in 1870, it is notable as an unusual and well-preserved Second Empire house, and for its association with Massachusetts lawyer, politician, and jurist Charles Allen. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It now houses professional offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Allen House is set on the north side of Elm Street, at its corner with West Street, several blocks west of Worcester&#39;s Main Street and downtown. The three story mansard-roofed building is basically square in plan, with an ell projecting from its rear, and a central pavilion slightly projecting from its front facade. The pavilion rises two stories, and is topped by a pedimented gable. The main roof cornice is studded with modillions, as is that of the porch that shelters the front entry.</p><br>
<p>The house was apparently the idea of Charles Allen, and occupies a lot which previously belonged to Governor Levi Lincoln, Jr., who had built a house there which Allen had moved a short distance to make way for this house. Allen was a high-profile Worcester native, working in law practice with John Davis, another Massachusetts governor. He served in the state legislature and as a local judge before being appointed the first chief justice of the newly-organized Massachusetts Superior Court. He turned down an offer of a seat on the United States Supreme Court. Allen died in 1869, and the house may have been completed by his heirs, who owned the property into the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Ludwig Anderson Three-Decker is a historic triple decker house at 4 Fairbanks Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. Built c. 1896, it was a good example of a vernacular Italianate triple decker, whose exterior decoration has since been removed or covered over. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Ludwig Anderson Three-Decker is located on Vernon Hill south of downtown Worcester, at the western corner of Fairbanks and Stockton Streets. It is a three-story wood frame structure, with a shallow hip roof. Its main facade is three bays wide, with the main entrance in the rightmost bay, sheltered by a gabled portico with round columns. The interior follows a typical side hall plan, with a stairwell on the right providing access to the building&#39;s three units. Its historic exterior features have been compromised by the application of synthetic siding. These features included a modillioned cornice, window surrounds with rope moulding on the caps, and an early 20th-century portico with paired square columns.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1896, and was typical of early triple-deckers built to house workers in the factories of South Worcester and Quinsigamond Village. Its first owners, and a number of its early tenants, were Swedish immigrants. Ludwig Anderson, whose family owned it into the 1930s, was a grocer who also lived here, while early tenants were machinists, factory workers, and others engaged in lower-paid jobs.</p><br>
<p>Lake Stamford, a reservoir formed by Stamford Dam, is located 10 mi northeast of Stamford, Texas in southeastern Haskell County. The lake had a storage capacity in 1999 of 51,573 acre.ft and drains an area of 368 square miles. Due to sedimentation, the estimated capacity as of 2013 is 50,061 acre.ft. The City of Stamford owns the lake and half the water rights to Lake Stamford, while AEP owns the other half. The city also owns, operates and maintains associated Stamford Dam.</p><br>
<p>Lake Stamford serves as the municipal water source for Stamford, Texas and the small neighboring communities of Lueders, Ericksdahl, Paint Creek, Sagerton, Avoca, and Corinth. For the lake&#39;s 60-year history, water levels have retained significant importance to these communities, providing them their sole source of water. Several notable rain events occurred in 1978 and 2005, resulting in record water levels. Recreational activities include boating, fishing, waterskiing, jet-skiing, and camping. There are two marinas on the lake: Stamford Marina on the south shore, and Anchor Marina on the north.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Except for a period from 1919 to 1941, droughts were fairly common in the area and occurred in 1885-87, 1896, 1910, 1918, 1943, and in 1952-56. People and animals relied primarily on natural springs. These springs and spring-fed lakes supported a wide variety of animals. Buffalo, turkey, and ducks were abundant, particularly before 1875 when the buffalo slaughter began in Haskell County. The mouth of Mule Creek is located about.25 mi west of the FM 600 bridge as it crosses the lake on the north side. At the mouth of Mule Creek was located the Blue Hole Springs. Area residents would obtain water from these springs, and in the 1880s M O Ranch had cattle pens there. As the water table fell due to irrigation pumping, an alternative was necessary. When the lake is nearing capacity, this area of former springs is under Lake Stamford.</p><br>
<p>When the City of Stamford was formed in 1900, two small reservoirs were built close to the city. Another was built in 1905, and a fourth was built in 1910 five miles west of the city. These small reservoirs grew insufficient for the growing town, and in 1919 the Clear Fork Brazos River was dammed just southeast of Lueders to form Lake Penick. This lake was originally 7 mi long and held 3,096 acre.ft, and initially proved an adequate supply for the city. But by 1927, the capacity of Lake Penick had dropped by a third to 2,126 acre.ft caused by sedimentaion from severe erosion upstream. By 1949, the city&#39;s water supply had become a significant concern for mayor A.C. Humphrey. Prospective area locations were surveyed, and all were rejected except for a site on Paint Creek.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>Construction for Lake Stamford and Stamford Dam started July 14, 1951, and was completed in March 1953. Deliberate impoundment began in June 1953. Stamford Dam impounds Paint Creek, but numerous other creeks flow into the lake. Horse, Buffalo, and Mule Creeks all flow directly into the lake and are part of the watershed. The design engineer for the project was Freese and Nichols and the general contractor was L. & S. Contractor. The dam is an earthfill embankment 3,600 ft long with a maximum height of 78 ft. The estimated cost of the dam was $289,365.00. The top of Stamford Dam is at an elevation of 1,434.0 ft and is 15.2 ft above the spillway. The service spillway is 900 ft north of the dam, where the uncontrolled spillway crest is 100 ft in length at an elevation of 1,416.8 ft. Lake Stamford is considered "full" (maximum desired capacity) when the lake&#39;s water level is 1,416.8 ft above mean sea level.</p><br>
<h3>California Creek diversion project</h3><br>
<p>At the height of the drought in 2000, a water diversion project on California Creek was built to divert future rainfall from the creek to Lake Stamford, in an effort to supplement the lakes primary inflow of Paint Creek. The project consisted of a channel dam, pump station and pipeline, and cost an estimated $6.3 million. California Creek runs from west of Hamlin to north of Corinth and Avoca, and then turns northeast and runs parallel to Lake Stamford at a distance of approximately 2.5 mi. California Creek does not flow directly into Lake Stamford, but meets with Paint Creek one mile downstream (east) of Stamford Dam. The drainage area for California Creek is 478 square miles, which supplements Lake Stamfords watershed of 368 square miles. Water is only diverted at sporadic intervals when there is sufficient flow in California Creek.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<h2>Water levels</h2><br>
<p>Water levels in Lake Stamford fluctuate significantly, primarily due to extended periods of drought. These droughts steadily reduce the lake level throughout the year, and have ultimately resulted in two occasions when the lake was less than 20% full. The first drought event occurred in the late 1990s up until November 2000. The second prolonged drought is currently ongoing. These droughts are usually only resolved after a substantially prolonged period of heavy rains. It is also common that the lake reaches full capacity with the help of a tropical system moving up from the gulf, as occurred in August 1978 with Tropical Storm Amelia and in August 2007 with Tropical Storm Erin. The amount of water is a key concern for area residents, for whom the lake is their sole source of water.</p><br>
<h3>Record low levels</h3><br>
<p>Since impoundment in June 1953 and initial filling, the lowest water level ever in Lake Stamford occurred on April 13, 2015. The lake was 17.42 ft below conservation pool elevation, held 5,013 acre.ft of water, and was 9.7% full.</p><br>
<p>Two prior periods of drought produced what were, at the time, record lows. The second lowest water level occurred on four days in October 2000. On October 20, 2000, the lake was 15.8 ft below conservation pool elevation, held 6,760 acre.ft of water, and was 13.1% full. The third lowest lake level occurred on August 3, 1978, when the lake was 27.7% full.</p><br>
<h3>Record high levels and cresting events</h3><br>
<h4>August 1978</h4><br>
<p>Two days after recording its third lowest level, the lake surged to its second highest level ever. On August 5, 1978, the water in Lake Stamford was 5.38 ft above the spillway. This represents an increase of over 15.2 ft in less than 48 hours, the lake&#39;s fastest ever change in elevation. In fact, the rise was so fast it took some three hours for the lake to simply fill to capacity by increasing almost 10 ft. This was due to remnants of Tropical Storm Amelia. Though Amelia was weak and poorly organized, as it dissipated over Texas it cause severe flooding.</p><br>
<p>On August 4, 1978, Stamford received its daily all-time record rainfall of 8.22 inch. That same day, 29.05 inch fell on nearby Albany, the record daily rainfall for the entire State of Texas. Also, the nearby California Creek had a peak discharge of 40,000 cuft per second and a flood stage height of 31.0 ft, the highest since at least 1897. President Carter declared Haskell county, among counties in Texas, a disaster area. The lake receded down to the spillway by August 19, 1978.</p><br>
<h4>August 2005</h4><br>
<p>Since the drought in 2000, the lake has reached (and exceeded) capacity on three occasions. The first event happened very rapidly when, between August 13 and 16, 2005, the lake rose 13.53 ft. During the month of August 2005, the City of Stamford received 10.64 inch of rain. Most of the rain was concentrated during the aforementioned four days, with the city receiving 4.52 inch on August 14, 2005, alone. On August 17, 2005, these rains put the lake overcapacity by 9.38 ft with the surface elevation of 1,426.18 ft and resulted in the record high water level for Lake Stamford. This caused extensive flooding to more than 340 homes, resulting in a disaster area declaration by Governor Perry. Water levels dropped back below the spillway on November 28, 2005.</p><br>
<h4>June and August 2007</h4><br>
<p>The second event was not so much an event as a period. The preponderance of this period&#39;s rains were north and west of Stamford, near Haskell and Hamlin. Starting in late April 2007 the area received enough rain to raise the lake by about 4.4 ft by the first week of June, filling the lake just shy of capacity. Then in June 2007, Stamford received 6.37 inch of rain and by July 3 the lake was overcapacity by about 1.6 ft. As the lake was dropping back down to capacity (less than 4 inch above the spillway), Stamford received an additional 4.85 inch of rain on August 18, 2007, from Tropical Storm Erin. The lake crested on August 21 to 2.35 ft above capacity, and then dropped back below the spillway on November 14, 2007.</p><br>
<h4>April 2010</h4><br>
<p>Beginning the last week of January 2010, the area received two to three times its average monthly precipitation, and February saw notable snowfall. This increased the lake by just under 2.5 ft by mid-March.</p><br>
<p>Then on April 17, 2010, Stamford received 4.65 inch of rain and a total of 6.38 inch for the month. By April 21, lake levels crested at 1.98 ft above capacity, having increased by 3.49 ft. Additional rain events in June and September each moved the lake overcapacity again by less than 1 ft. Water levels eventually dropped below the spillway on December 5, 2010, the last time Lake Stamford was full.</p><br>
<h2>Sale of water to Tenaska</h2><br>
<p>On July 12, 2011, the Stamford city council approved the sale of all "excess water" from Lake Stamford for use in Tenaska Energy&#39;s Trailblazer Energy Center in Nolan County, Texas. There was no public debate before the decision was made. This sale of water was fairly contentious among many area residents, who were not as confident as the city council that the lake could support such a significant new drain like a large power plant. According to the contract, the exact amount of water to be taken can be adjusted according to a redefinition of the "safe yield", but is currently estimated to be 773 acre.ft per year. The length of the contract (effective July 18, 2011) is either 30 years (starting when the plant begins operation) or 45 years from the date of the contract, whichever is earliest. Tenaska also has at its option two 10-year contract extensions, plus three additional 10-year extensions subject to approval of Stamford (which "shall not be unreasonably withheld").</p><br>
<p>Tenaska and its use of water is not subject to any water conservation or drought contingency plans enacted by Stamford. In addition to the 773 acre.ft, Stamford will sell Tenaska all of its effluent water of approximately 250,000 gallons/day (280 acre•ft/year). The proposed coal-fired power plant would be located 37 miles southwest of Stamford and 47 miles southwest of Lake Stamford.</p><br>
<p>On June 21, 2013, Tenaska cancelled their proposed Trailblazer coal-fired power plant. While Stamford would have provided the majority of the project&#39;s water, Tenaska was unable to find a secondary source of water.</p><br>
<h2>Power plant</h2><br>
<p>American Electric Power (formerly West Texas Utilities) owns a gas-fired electric generating power plant located at Lake Stamford. The plant has a generating capacity of 218 MW. When operating, water is pumped directly from the lake for industrial (cooling) purposes. The plant was put into inactive status and mothballed in September 2002.</p><br>
<p>AEP holds half the water rights in Lake Stamford. AEP&#39;s water supply contract with Stamford expires September 16, 2041, but can be extended by AEP for one additional 10-year term.</p><br>
<h2>Fish species</h2><br>
<p>Lake Stamford provides angling opportunities with these species:</p><br>
<p>Bass</p><br>
<p>Largemouth Bass</p><br>
<p>White Bass</p><br>
<p>Catfish</p><br>
<p>Blue Catfish</p><br>
<p>Channel Catfish</p><br>
<p>Crappie and others</p><br>
<p>Crappie</p><br>
<p>Sunfish</p><br>
<p>Fifth Regiment Armory is a historic National Guard armory located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is an imposing, fortress-type structure situated in midtown Baltimore. It consists of a full basement, a first floor containing a 200 foot by 300 foot drill hall, a mezzanine or "balcony" level, and a newer second level  housing the trussed steel drill hall roof. The façade features buttresses, parapets, casement windows, and a crenellated roofline, giving the appearance of a medieval fortification. It was the site of the 1912 Democratic National Convention.</p><br>
<p>The Fifth Regiment Armory was designed by architects Wyatt & Nolting. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>On October 31, 1958, President Dwight Eisenhower delivered a television speech from the Fifth Regiment Armory. The event was attended by Maryland Governor Theodore McKeldin, Senator John Glenn Beall, Jr., Senator John Marshall Butler, and Congressman James Devereux.</p><br>
<p>The Swainson Islands are an unpopulated group of five islands and rocks located off the south western coast of Tasmania, Australia. The 15.76 hectare group of islands are situated close to the southern end of the western coast of Tasmania, where the mouth of Port Davey meets the Southern Ocean. The Swainson Islands are part of the Southwest National Park and the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<p>The islands that comprise the group are:</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island group is part of the 163 hectare Port Davey Islands Important Bird Area, identified by BirdLife International because of its importance of supporting more than one percent of the world population of short-tailed shearwater, fairy prion, little penguin and black-faced cormorant.</p><br>
<p>The Willow Prairie Cabin is a rustic one-room cabin located in the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest in western Oregon, United States. It was built by a road construction crew in 1924. When the road was finished the United States Forest Service began using it to house fire crews assigned to patrol the surrounding National Forest. The Forest Service now rents the cabin to recreational visitors. The Willow Prairie Cabin is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Willow Prairie Cabin was built in 1924 by a Forest Service road crew that was constructing a highway from Butte Falls to Fish Lake. Because the forest roads were not well developed, it was impractical for workers to make a daily round-trip from Butte Falls to the remote Willow Prairie construction site. To facilitate work at the sites, the road crew used the Willow Prairie Cabin as their base-camp from 1924 until the highway was finished in 1926.</p><br>
<p>When the road was completed, the Forest Service began using the cabin as a barracks to house fire crews assigned to patrol the Willow Prairie area. In the 1950s, the Forest Service built the Willow Prairie Campground adjacent to the cabin. In the early 1990s, the Forest Service built 19 miles of interconnecting horse trails in the Willow Prairie area. In 1991, the Willow Prairie Campground was converted into a horse camp and the cabin was opened to the public as a rental unit.</p><br>
<p>The simple log structure is an excellent example of an early Forest Service wilderness crew cabin. Because of the cabin’s rustic architecture and its unique historic value as an early Forest Service guard station, the Willow Prairie Cabin was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Willow Prairie Cabin is located in a remote area of the Butte Falls Ranger District in the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest. It sits on the western slope of the Cascade Mountains, at about 4,300 ft elevation. The cabin is surrounded by a mature conifer forest just southwest of Mount McLoughlin. It is adjacent to Willow Prairie meadow, a large high country wetland with several beaver ponds.</p><br>
<p>The Willow Prairie Cabin is a one-room log structure with a wooden shake roof. There are two shutter-style windows without glass. Heat is provided by a wood-burning stove. The cabin’s rustic furnishings include a table and chairs along with two simple sleeping cots. The cabin has built-in counter-space for preparing meals and places to hang lanterns. However, visitors must bring their own lanterns or lights as well as a portable camp stove, cookware, utensils, and bedding. The Willow Prairie Cabin has a maximum capacity is four people, and is available to rent throughout the year. The $15 per night rental fee is used to preserve and maintain the cabin.</p><br>
<p>There is a picnic table and a rock fire-ring outside the cabin. Firewood is usually available at the site; however, visitors are encouraged to bring firewood or an alternate heating source just in case the wood bin is empty. A vault-toilet is located near the cabin. During the summer, potable water is available from a hand pump approximately 400 feet from the cabin.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>In addition to horseback riding, visitor can enjoy camping or hunting in season. Bird watching is also a popular summer pastime. Among the bird common to Willow Prairie meadow and the surrounding forest are sandhill cranes, great blue herons, Canadian geese, red-tailed hawks, and a wide variety of ducks. Deer and elk are also common near the meadow. During the winter, the area offers the opportunity for cross-country skiing, snowshoeing, and snowmobiling.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Willow Prairie Cabin is located 17 mi southeast of Butte Falls, Oregon and 40 mi east of Medford, Oregon. It is accessible via County Road 821 (the Butte Falls-Fish Lake Highway) to Forest Service Road 3738 and Forest Road 3735.</p><br>
<p>Puzzle Mountain is a mountain located in Oxford County, Maine, and is one of the easternmost mountains in the Mahoosuc Range. The mountain also has a false peak to the north-northwest of the true summit, known as Little Puzzle Mountain. Puzzle Mountain is in the watershed of the Androscoggin River.</p><br>
<h2>Trails</h2><br>
<p>The summit of the mountain can be accessed from the southern trail head of the Grafton Loop Trail. The initial miles of the trail have a relatively low incline and utilize old logging roads for switchbacks. At about two miles, the trail makes a sharp turn to the left, and begins to climb at a steeper grade. At about 2.4 miles, the trail reaches exposed granite boulders and ledges, with views of the Sunday River Ski Area, Grafton Notch, and the distant Presidentials. The summit of Puzzle Mountain is at 3.2 miles, and provides views in all directions, as far as Sugarloaf Mountain. The total distance to the summit of Puzzle Mountain is 3.2 miles, and takes approximately three hours and thirty minutes to summit.</p><br>
<p>As of September, 2009, a trail nicknamed the "Loopette Trail" was approaching completion. It is being built to go to the various false peaks of the mountain that were previously unreachable. Its mileage and layout are currently unknown, as well as whether or not it will be considered part of the Grafton Loop Trail.</p><br>
<p>Mount Akaishi, is a peak in the Akaishi Mountains, on the border of Shizuoka and Nagano Prefectures in central Honshū, Japan.</p><br>
<p>On June 1, 1964, the mountain was included within the Minami Alps National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>At 3,120 m, Mount Akaish is the 7th tallest peak in Japan and the 4th tallest peak in the Akaishi Mountains. The peak is located within the Minami Alps National Park.</p><br>
<p>There is a triangulation station on the summit, with a Mountain hut located below, on its southern approach. On the eastern slope is a cirque, with the trace remnants of Japan’s southernmost glacier.</p><br>
<p>At the timberline are stands of Siberian dwarf pine, above which are numerous flowering alpine plants, and the habitat for the Rock Ptarmigan.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The first recorded ascent of Mount Akaishi was by Haruki Nashiba and Masaaki Terasawa of the Japanese Home Ministry in 1879. They were followed in July 1881 by a government survey team, which established the triangulation station. Ascent of the mountain became popular after a road was established to its base in 1886. The first westerner to ascend the mountain was the English missionary and mountaineer, Walter Weston on August 19, 1892.</p><br>
<p>In 1906, Usui Kojima of the Japan Alpine Club devoted the first issue of the club’s magazine, Sangaku, to Mount Akashi, and Usui pioneered a new route up the mountain in 1909. In the summer of 1926, the 88-year-old founder of the Ōkura zaibatsu, Okura Kihachiro, decided that he wanted to visit the highest point of his company’s holdings, and climbed Mount Akaki with the assistance of 200 porters using palanquin.</p><br>
<p>Peterson Avenue Hill is one of the few remaining brick streets in Louisville, Kentucky. It is Louisville&#39;s best known brick street or alley.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The brick portion of the street covers a steep hill with a mean slope of approximately 15 degrees. The brick portion originally extended for approximately 740 feet but asphalt paving has already been applied to about 137 feet at the top of the hill, leaving an area, of brick paving 603 feet by 30 feet wide.</p><br>
<p>The hill is paved with vitrified bricks which are laid at angles in a sand base. The angling is not found in any other remaining brick alley street in the city. This method helps to create traction on the surface in wet weather. The hill is edged by a stone curb.</p><br>
<p>sides.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Peterson Avenue was created when the Peterson-Dumesnil House&#39;s estate was carved up in the late 19th century and Crescent Hill became a subdivided residential neighborhood. The Peterson-Dumesnil estate was carved into property for Barrett Middle School and four residences, all on the east side of the hill. In 1902, Louisville passed an ordinance calling for the avenue to be paved.</p><br>
<p>Bricks were a popular choice at the time, as Louisville had several brickyards and bricks were cheap and an improvement over previous paving surfaces such as clay, clay-sand, and gravel or macadam.</p><br>
<p>There is an oral tradition associating the hill with the early history of the automobile in Louisville. Car dealers would boast that their cars could pull Peterson Hill in high gear,</p><br>
<p>and many cars were put to just such a test. The fire department also used Peterson Hill to test its new fire engines.</p><br>
<p>In June 1979, Peterson Avenue Hill was designated a local landmark.</p><br>
<p>Lytchett Bay is located close to the town of Upton, Dorset, United Kingdom.</p><br>
<p>It is possible to walk from Lytchett Bay to Rockley Park via the shoreline path that borders the Turlin Moor estate. The most interesting part of Lychett Bay can however, only be accessed via the Turlin Moor estate and consists of areas of saltmarsh and tiny beaches. Walking from the beach where boats are moored it takes nearly 40 minutes to walk the shoreline to the far side which has a population of adders. The walk goes through a small wooded area where deer can sometimes be seen and a meadow that is managed with a short spell along a very quiet road. The water can be reached at two separate spots on the far side of Lychett Bay and gives a much better view of the swans and other birds that frequent the bay at different times of the year.</p><br>
<p>Lytchett Bay was a popular children&#39;s haunt during the 1980s and 1990s. It was common for boats to wash up on the shore of Lytchett Bay during spells of bad weather. The boats would be hidden away in the reeds, then brought out during the summer months.</p><br>
<p>H.F. Miller & Son Tin Box and Can Manufacturing Plant, or the American Can Company, Miller Factory, is a historic can manufacturing plant located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It was erected in three stages between 1890 and about 1910. It is a four-story brick manufacturing plant. The exterior features decorative brickwork, multiple window forms, and substantial construction typical of the period. The interior features chamfered posts, closely spaced joists, and fire doors.</p><br>
<p>The building has been redeveloped as Miller&#39;s Court with 40 apartments, as well as office and project space for public and charitable agencies. Apartments in the $20 million project were marketed to Baltimore public school teachers. The first tenants moved in in July 2009.</p><br>
<p>H.F. Miller & Son Tin Box and Can Manufacturing Plant was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Mount Vernon Mill No. 1 is a historic cotton mill complex located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It was constructed between 1873 and 1918 and consists of four buildings situated along Jones Falls. The complex consists of three closely associated 19th century buildings and a 20th-century warehouse. There is a large, three-story brick Mill Building ; a two-story, brick, "L"-shaped Picker House ; a two-story, brick Store House ; and a later, reinforced-concrete warehouse . It served as headquarters for Mount Vernon-Woodberry Mills, one of the world’s largest producers of cotton duck.</p><br>
<p>Mount Vernon Mill No. 1 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The mill complex, now referred to generally as Mill No. 1, was purchased by Terra Nova Ventures, LLC and began renovations in 2012 to create a mixed-use project of apartments, offices and restaurants. The Mill No. 1 website (www.millno1.com) boasts, "The architecture team, Alexander Design Studio has figured out how to make this complicated project work, while keeping the integrity and character of the historic buildings... The structures’ overall historic significance and fabric in their beautiful setting location have been maintained, while adapting the structures to incorporate new uses..." Anyone interested in commercial or residential space in the building may contact Thornhill Properties, Inc. who now manage the building.</p><br>
<p>Lincliff is a Georgian Revival house in Glenview, a part of Louisville, Kentucky, United States, built in the early 1910s by William Richardson Belknap. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Lincliff was recorded in the Courthouse Deed Book 5344, p. JF-531 in 1911 as a property and residence on approximately 29.6 acres on Louisville&#39;s River Road along the Ohio River.</p><br>
<p>Lincliff was built in 1911-12 for William Richardson Belknap, president of Belknap Hardware and Manufacturing Company, one of the largest wholesale hardware firms in the United States at that time. The hardware company, founded by Belknaps father, William Burke Belknap (the elder), is no longer extant, but some of its former buildings have been adapted for other uses. The William Richardson Belknap family was long active in civic, cultural, and philanthropic affairs in Louisville. Lincliff was the childhood home of genealogist Eleanor Silliman Belknap Humphrey, Land O Goshen Farms horse breeder William Burke Belknap, and their siblings. The Lincliff estate was sold out of the Belknap family in 1922 according to the Kentucky Historic Resources Inventory: JF-531 in the Jefferson County Office of Historic Preservation and Archives.</p><br>
<p>In 1945 it was purchased by the C. Edwin Gheens family. Mr. Gheens owned the Bradas and Gheens Candy Company. His widow, later Mrs. Richard H. Hill, was involved in many civic and philanthropic causes and lived at Lincliff until her death in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Lincliff is currently one of the principal residences of writer Sue Grafton and her husband Stephen F. Humphrey. Grafton, a Kentucky native, thought she had left Kentucky behind for California until her husband found Lincliff, a "crumbling estate begging to be saved." Humphrey is the "driving force behind the restoration of the estate doing the work himself of returning many of the garden&#39;s elements to their original splendor."</p><br>
<p>Oxford Historic District in Georgetown, Kentucky is a historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It includes Greek Revival and Late Victorian architecture.</p><br>
<p>It is the site of a historic crossroads community dating from 1836, when Reuben Anderson built a tavern/residence at the northeast corner of what is now the Georgetown-to-Cynthiana Road and the Newtown Pike. Opposite was the Robert Barkley family&#39;s log and frame house. Early other buildings which survived until the NRHP listing were another tavern, the William Gray House, the Charles Hamilton House, and the Ward-Hendricks house.</p><br>
<p>The 32 acre district contained 36 structures, 31 of which were contributing resources.</p><br>
<p>The Rochelle Park–Rochelle Heights Historic District is a historic residential district located in the city of New Rochelle in Westchester, New York. The district is historically and architecturally significant as an intact and distinctive example of residential park development at the turn of the Twentieth Century. It includes the historic Rochelle Park development, and the later Rochelle Heights subdivision. Within the district are 555 contributing properties, including 513 buildings, 38 structures, and 4 sites. Only 24 buildings and 1 site separately identified within its area are non-contributing. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  on July 6, 2005.</p><br>
<p>The two neighborhoods, combined into one historic district in 1986, reflect the history of suburban design from 1885 when the phenomenon first took hold in Westchester, the first large suburban area in the world to develop, to the 1920s when the automobile and Progressive Era ideas of planning and architecture were coming into favor. The landscape and house architecture of the area remains remarkably intact and provide valuable information about the range of innovative planning principles that were applied there.</p><br>
<h2>Rochelle Park</h2><br>
<p>Laid out in 1885, Rochelle Park is particularly distinguished as the America&#39;s third planned residential community, preceded only by Tuxedo Park in New York and Llewellyn Park in Pennsylvania. Its overall landscape plan was designed by the architect Nathan Franklin Barrett for the Manhattan Life Insurance Company. Rochelle Park epitomizes the suburban development design principles that Frederick Law Olmsted advocated with the creation of Central Park in New York City: a landscape that provides urban dwellers with the restorative benefits of a picturesque natural environment. Incorporating open space, recreational areas, naturalistic settings, and broad boulevards for public interaction. The architecture of the homes is equally impressive, with many fashionable Queen Anne, shingle, and colonial revival style "cottages" designed with tall towers and attic porches to take advantage of the views towards Long Island Sound located a mile away.</p><br>
<p>Rochelle Park is essentially rectangular in dimension, with the southeast corner having been clipped from it by the construction of the New York & New Haven Railroad in the 1850s. In the original plan, the parcel was diagonally divided by a wide boulevard ("The Boulevard") that entered the park at a stone gateway and ended at a circle ("The Court"). The Boulevard was intended to continue east through a tunnel under the railroad tracks and south to Long Island Sound. This planned connection gave the park the cachet of water access even though the development was a good distance away. This amenity lasted a very short time due to additional subdivisions of the property and the elimination of right-of-way.</p><br>
<p>Despite the setbacks from Barretts original designs, The Boulevard continued to remain one of the most unusual aspects of the communitys landscape. At 100 feet wide, The Boulevard allowed for an abundance of green space and deep setbacks for the houses. The scale and design of the Boulevard reflected Barrett&#39;s taste for formal landscape elements that anticipated the City Beautiful Movement. The broad vista created by the Boulevard is intersected in two places by the Serpentine, a roadway that meanders within a rough, rocky section of the landscape. The terrain made a continuous grid plan difficult, thus presenting Barrett with an opportunity to design a more interesting landscape.</p><br>
<h2>Rochelle Heights</h2><br>
<p>The plan for Rochelle Heights is organized around a promontory in the northeastern part of the subdivision that was set aside for large houses with the status of water views. As the plan descended from this highpoint, a hierarchy of lots and architecture is shown in a secondary group encircling the hill. The properties at the outer limits of the development are more closely arranged in a tight pattern with detached houses intended for a middle-class clientele. The latter properties provided a buffer against the more random development outside the district and protected the neighborhood&#39;s exclusive environment within.</p><br>
<p>Rochelle Heights was laid out in a number of phases beginning in 1905 by New York architects Mann, MacNellie and Lindeberg. Its landscape design is more efficient than Rochelle Park, reflecting its later period of development. The architecture of Rochelle Heights does not have the same uniformity as Rochelle Park but rather, reflects the diversity of scale and style found in suburban architecture in the early twentieth century, including Queen Anne, shingle, tudor revival, and colonial revival. The planners laid out large expansive lots on the southerly side of Cortlandt Avenue where buyers would have views of Long Island Sound. Realizing this, naming the subdivision the "heights" had a certain legitimacy. Tudor Revival, Italian Renaissance and Colonial Revival designs were popular in this collection of homes which was viewed as the highest echelon of the development.</p><br>
<p>The streets at the outer boundaries of Rochelle Heights contain smaller lots. These streets frame the core of the development and buffer the interior properties. Although these tertiary streets were lesser properties in the context of the Rochelle Heights development, they were still above the mean and intended for a middle-class clientele.</p><br>
<p>These two neighborhoods, combined into one historic district in 1986, reflect the history of suburban design since 1885 when the phenomenon first took hold in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Nunavik Peninsula  is a large peninsula in northwestern Greenland. It separates two cultural and geographical regions of northwestern Greenland: Uummannaq Fjord region in the southeast, and Upernavik Archipelago in the north.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The peninsula extends to the south-west from mainland Greenland at (71&deg;49&prime;N latitude, 54&deg;25&prime;W longitude) north of the Uummannaq Fjord system. The waters around the peninsula are Karrat Fjord in the east, Nordost Bay in the south and Baffin Bay in the west. The Ukkusissat Fjord carves deeply into the northeast of the peninsula, running south to north-east-north around the eastern part of the peninsula covered with the Sermikavasak glacier.</p><br>
<h3>Inner fjords</h3><br>
<p>Several fjords cut deep into the peninsula. Running from the western shore inland to then turn north, Sullua (4x50km) is the main waterway, cutting the peninsula into two parts, northwestern being the smaller. Parallel Umiiviup Kangerlua (4x8km) and Kangiusap Imaa (3x7km) fjord bays cut into the southeastern shore.</p><br>
<h2>Settlements</h2><br>
<p>The peninsula is administered as part of the Qaasuitsup municipality. It is largely uninhabited − permanent settlements are located in the Upernavik Archipelago off the north-west-northern coast of the peninsula, including Upernavik Kujalleq, Kangersuatsiaq, Upernavik town, and Aappilattoq. There are several settlements on the islands off the southwestern coast, including Nuugaatsiaq and Illorsuit in the Uummannaq Fjord system. Ukkusissat is the only mainland settlement in the vicinity, located on the smaller, Ukkusissat Peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Rocks and sediments on Nunavik Peninsula are of Cretaceous and Paleocene origin, with further layers deposited during the movement of Greenland towards the North Pole. Similarly to the Uummannaq area, ancient volcanic basalts are exposed throughout the peninsula.</p><br>
<p>The Walnut Park Historic District is located in the University Hill neighborhood of Syracuse, New York, adjacent to the Syracuse University campus. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Walnut Park</h2><br>
<p>The park was deeded to the city in 1870 by prominent citizen George F. Comstock. Walnut Park is itself a three-block long park. The long sides of the park are bordered on the west by Walnut Place, on the east by Walnut Avenue. Cross streets are Harrison Street, Adams Street, Marshall Street, and Waverly Avenue from north to south. The park was originally landscaped with shade trees, but the Dutch Elm disease wiped out that overall effect in the 1950s. In 1972, new trees were planted. These trees have reached maturity and restored some of the original atmosphere to the park.</p><br>
<h2>Establishment of the neighborhood</h2><br>
<p>The neighborhood surrounding Walnut Park was originally established by some of the social elite of Syracuse. Community leader and banker George Comstock, after donating the property for the park, chose carefully the people to whom he sold building lots.</p><br>
<p>George H. Bond had the house at 304 Walnut Place built in 1899. He was Onondaga County District Attorney, and founder of the still existent law firm of Bond, Schoeneck and King. The house reflects elements of both the Queen Anne style popular up to that time and the Georgian Revival style becoming popular. The house was later owned by Syracuse University and known as "Blackwell Cottage". It is now the home of Alpha Tau Omega fraternity.</p><br>
<p>The house at 701 Walnut Place is now owned by Syracuse University and utilized as the Chancellor&#39;s residence. It was built for attorney William Nottingham in 1901. The house was designed in the Jacobethan Revival style by architects Brockway and Benson of New York City. Leather lines the library walls. The living room ceiling is decorated with Gothic tracery. The central staircase is carved. A ballroom graces the third floor.</p><br>
<p>The chateauesque house next door at 703 Walnut Avenue was built for Crucible Steel owner and president Horace Wilkinson in 1905. Gaggin and Gaggin architects of Syracuse designed it. The interior woodworking is various and impressive. Theodore Roosevelt, while engaged in the Barnes-Roosevelt libel case, stayed there as a guest of the family for a month. The house belonged to Phi Delta Theta Fraternity for many years and now belongs to Delta Kappa Epsilon Fraternity, of which American radio and television personality Dick Clark was a member.</p><br>
<p>Other notable Syracusans who built their homes in the neighborhood included clergyman and archbishop the Reverend Huntington, A. E. Nettleton, of the Nettleton Shoe Company and Paragon Plaster, and the Denison family.</p><br>
<h2>Fraternity-sorority row</h2><br>
<p>In 1915 the Alpha Phi sorority bought the house at 308 Walnut Place. Around 1921 the houses at 208 and 210 Walnut Place and the one at 901 Walnut Avenue all became sorority or fraternity houses. In 1923 house at 300 Walnut Place was sold to the Delta Delta Delta sorority. The house at 310 Walnut Place was built around 1925 for the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity and the house at 803 Walnut Avenue was built for Gamma Phi Beta sorority. In 1928, Kappa Alpha Theta sorority had local architect Marjorie Wright design their Tudor style house at 306 Walnut Place. In 1937 the house at 907 Walnut Avenue also became the Kappa Delta Sorority house. Over the following decades, more fraternities and sororities moved in, making the area the Fraternity/Sorority Row of Syracuse University.</p><br>
<h2>Block party</h2><br>
<p>Walnut Park was the traditional home of Syracuse University&#39;s "block party", an event celebrating the coming of spring with live entertainment in an outdoor setting. In 1993, amid concerns of over-crowding and excessive drinking, the University moved the event to a more readily controllable indoor venue.</p><br>
<h2>Walnut Park Historic District contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>The Stoneham Railroad Depot is a historic train station at 36 Pine Street in Stoneham, Massachusetts. Built in 1895 by the Boston and Maine Railroad, it is one of two surviving train stations in the town, and the only one still at its original site. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It is now used for commercial purposes.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The railroad depot is located two blocks east of its Central Square, at the northeast corner of Franklin and Pine Streets. It is a single-story brick building resting on a granite foundation, with a shallow-hipped roof whose extended eaves are supported by large brackets. The roof is pierced by cross gables which have fanlight windows that have been blocked up. It is oriented with its long facade facing Pine Street, with the former railroad right-of-way on the other side (now used for parking on this parcel, and not readily evident in adjacent parcels).</p><br>
<p>Stonehams first railroad station was built at Farm Hill in 1861, and a wood-frame gambrel-roofed station was built on this site in 1863; both of these were built by the Boston and Lowell Railroad. The present station building was constructed in 1895 by the Boston and Maine, successor to the Boston and Lowell. The Farm Hill station building still stands, but has been moved from its site to Central Street and converted into a residence. The railroad played an important role in Stonehams transition from a modest industrial center to a commuter suburb of Boston.</p><br>
<p>The Jonathan Green House is a historic house at 63 Perkins Street in Stoneham, Massachusetts. Built c. 1720, it is one of the oldest structures in Stoneham. The main block is two stories high, five bays wide, and one room deep, with a central chimney. The centered entrance is framed by simple pilasters and topped by a modest entablature. Single story ells project from the northeast and northwest corners. The house belonged to the Green family, one of the first to settle the area, into the 19th century. One of several Jonathan Greens to occupy the house in the 18th century was a prominent local citizen, serving as town clerk and treasurer, and representing the town in the ratification debate of the United States Constitution.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Oddfellows Building is a historic mixed-use commercial building at Central Square Historic District  in Stoneham, Massachusetts. Built in 1868, it is one of three Second Empire buildings that give downtown Stoneham its character, despite some exterior alterations. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984,</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Stonehams Oddfellows Building stands prominently facing the towns main square, at the northeast corner of the square with Franklin Street. It is a -story wood-frame building, with a dormered mansard roof providing a full third floor. Its square-facing facade originally had two storefronts, now combined into one, with entrances at angled corners. Another commercial space occupies a ground-floor space facing Franklin Street near the rear of the block. The exterior of the building is finished in stucco, possibly over original clapboards. The roof is finished in patterned slate, and has an embellished cornice. The roof dormers are generally topped by gables with partial returns and brackets; that at center of the main facade is more elaborate, including the carved date 1878.</p><br>
<p>The Second Empire style building was constructed in 1868 by Isaac Hersam, and is one of three such buildings dating to the mid-19th century that give the town&#39;s Central Square its character. It was acquired by a consortium of related Oddfellows organizations in 1878, and housed retail operations on the ground floor, and the Oddfellows meeting space above.</p><br>
<p>The Padilla Beard House is a historic house at 18 Maple Street in Stoneham, Massachusetts. Built about 1850, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 for its association with Padilla Beard, the first operator the stagecoach line on the route between Boston and Reading. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Padilla Beard House stands in a residential area one block west of Stoneham&#39;s Central Square, at the southwest corner of Maple and Wright Streets. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and exterior finished in synthetic siding. At the time of its National Register listing in 1984, it exhibited modest Greek Revival features, including corner pilasters, which have been lost or obscured by the siding. The front facade is three bays wide, with the entrance in the rightmost bay under a simple porch with square posts. A secondary entrance is located in a two-story rear ell, facing Wright Street, which is sheltered by an Italianate hood.</p><br>
<p>The house was built c. 1850 for Padilla Beard, the first coach driver on the stagecoach line connecting Boston and Reading. Beard stabled the horses in a separate building (now 26 Wright Street). The stagecoach began operations in 1833, and was replaced in 1859 by a horsecar line, and by a full railroad line in 1861. Beard became a conductor of the railroad when it began service. The house is not significant for its architecture, but its relationship to the town&#39;s transportation history.</p><br>
<p>The John Botume House is a historic house at 4 Woodland Road in Stoneham, Massachusetts. Built c. 1849, this stone house was one of several built along the shore Spot Pond by Boston businessman as a retreat, and is the only one to survive. It is owned by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, and houses the visitors center for the Middlesex Fells Reservation. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Botume House is located in southern Stoneham, set on the eastern shore of Spot Pond, the largest body of water in the Middlesex Fells Reservation. It is a T-shaped stone structure, 2-1/2 stories in height, built out of uncoursed granite stone. Its Italianate features in a bracketed roof line and gable ends, with round-arch windows at the gable ends. Its setting also has original landscaping elements, including a pair of entrance posts and a granite wall separating it from Woodland Road.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1859 by John Botume, a Boston merchant, and was one of a half dozen houses built as summer houses along Spot Pond to capitalize on the setting. It is the only one to survive, the last of the rest, the Lang House, being demolished in 1986. The property was acquired in 1895 by the Metropolitan District Commission, predecessor to todays Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, which continues to own it. The MDC was using the house as a supervisors residence at the time the property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It has since been converted for use as a visitors center for the Middlesex Fells Reservation.</p><br>
<p>The C.H. Brown Cottage is a historic house at 34 Wright Street in Stoneham, Massachusetts. Probably built in the 1830s, it is a well-preserved example of worker housing built for employees of local shoe factories. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The C.H. Brown Cottage stands in a residential area one block west of Stoneham&#39;s Central Square, on the west side of Wright Street midway between Maple and Lincoln Streets. It is a small 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. Its front facade is two bays wide, with pilastered corners and a narrow entablature on the sides. The main entrance is in the right bay, flanked by full-length sidelight windows and pilasters, which support an entablature and cornice. A single-story ell of modern construction extends to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The cottage was probably built in sometime in the 1830s, based on stylistic analysis; its original owner is unknown. A later owner, C.H. Brown, was one of the proprietors of a local tannery; he lived in a mansion at Chestnut and Maple Streets. It is one of a modest number of worker housing units to survive from Stoneham&#39;s early industrial period as shoemaking center.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Buck House is a historic house at 68 Pleasant Street in Stoneham, Massachusetts. Built about 1880 for a dealer in hide, this modest Italianate house occupies the site of Stoneham&#39;s first meetinghouse and school. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Charles Buck House stands on a rise overlooking the junction of Summer and Pleasant Streets, a few blocks east of Stoneham&#39;s Central Square. This area was in the 18th century the town center, established after Stoneham was separated from Charlestown in 1725. The first meetinghouse (church), built in 1726, stood on this lot, roughly in front of where the house now stands, and the lot also held the town school (c. 1718). The house is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. It has a three-bay facade with bay windows flanking a center entry covered by an open porch. Its upper-story windows are headed by projecting lintels. Most of the windows are single sash, but some are paired sash windows set in a shared opening.</p><br>
<p>The house was built c. 1880 for Charles Buck, owner of a wholesale hide business. His main business was in Boston, but he also maintained a shop in Central Square. Buck&#39;s carriage barn also survives, but is standing on an adjacent lot.</p><br>
<p>The Clara Buswell House is a historic house at 481 Main Street in Stoneham, Massachusetts. Built about 1875, it is one a few surviving Italianate houses on Main Street south of Central Square, which was once lined with elegant houses. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It now houses professional offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house stands on the west side of Main Street (Massachusetts Route 28), between Linden and Gerry Street. Just to its north stands the nearly identical Onslow Gilmore House. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with an L-shaped floorplan that includes a porch in the crook of the L. The porch originally sheltered a double door, but part of the porch has been enclosed, and the original door replaced by a single smaller one. The house has also been clad in aluminum, but much of the Italianate detailing, including bracketed cornices, ornate window lintels, and ornately boxed bay windows, has been retained. The house lot also retains original stone curbing and posts at the sidewalk edges on both Main and Gerry Streets.</p><br>
<p>The house may have been built by Onslow Gilmore, a prominent local businessman, banker, and real estate developer, as a speculative venture. Its first documented owner was Clara Buswell, in 1889. Houses similar to these were built in large numbers on Main Street after the American Civil War; these two are among the few that survive.</p><br>
<p>The Central Square Historic District is a historic district encompassing much of the central business district of Stoneham, Massachusetts. It includes the town&#39;s largest concentration of 19th and early-20th century commercial architecture, in an area that developed in importance as a commercial center after the construction of the Andover-Medford Turnpike . The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Stoneham is located north of the city of Boston, and is now predominantly a commuter suburb. In the mid-19th century the town developed as a major center of shoemaking in the area, and was served by the Boston and Lowell Railroad and the turnpike heading north to Andover. The shoemaking enterprises began as small-scale enterprises, which gradually became centralized into larger operations. One factory remains from this period, the large 1858 Italianate building at 426 Main Street, which was built by John Hill and was the town&#39;s first major industrial building. The triangular junction of Main Street and Center Street became the commercial hub of the town, its character defined by three Second Empire buildings erected between 1868 and 1890: the Dow Block, the Oddfellows Building, and the Chase Block.</p><br>
<p>The southern end of the district is anchored by the Hill factory building and the 1904 Stoneham Public Library, just across Main Street. Just north of the square stand other municipal buildings, including the 1918 Central Firestation, and town hall, built in 1939 on the east side of Center Street. North of these buildings are a cluster of churches, marking the northern edge of the district at Common Street. These include the First Congregational Church (1840) and the First Unitarian Church (1869).</p><br>
<p>The Samuel Chamberlain House is a historic house at 3 Winthrop Street in Stoneham, Massachusetts. Built c. 1864, it is one of three well preserved Italianate side-hall style houses in Stoneham. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Samuel Chamberlain House stands in a residential area southwest of Stoneham&#39;s Central Square, on the north side of Winthrop Street between Wright and Lincoln Streets. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame house, set on a small lot lined at the sidewalk with granite, including original posts at the sidewalk and driveway. It is capped with a dormered gable roof and its exterior is finished in vinyl siding. It was listed on the National Register in part for its architectural merit, but many of its exterior features, including corner pilasters, first floor window projecting caps, and paneling beneath windows in its polygonal bays, have been lost or obscured, and the Italianate carriage house has been demolished. The entry has a decorative projecting hood.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1864, and represents a type of house, the side-hall entry plan, of which only three survive in the town. The house was built for Samuel W. Chamberlain, a manufacturer, inventor and patent-holder on machinery related to the manufacture of shoes. His most notable work was a machine for burnishing shoe heels.</p><br>
<p>The Bernard Cogan House is a historic house at 10 Flint Avenue in Stoneham, Massachusetts, United States. Built about 1885, it is a good local example of Queen Anne architecture. It was built for Bernard Cogan, the son of a local shoe factory owner. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bernard Cogan House stands north of Stoneham&#39;s Central Square, on the south side of Flint Street, near its junction with Main Street (from which it is separated by a two-level parking garage). It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, set on a lot lined at the sidewalk by a low fieldstone retaining wall. The house is a basically rectangular plan with off-center entry, and a cross-gable roof section near the back of the house, where there is a projecting section. There is a porch that wraps around the front of the house to the left side where it runs to the projection. The porch has turned pillars, a decorative valance, and decorative railings. The walls are covered in sections of clapboard, decorative cut shingles, and vertical paneling.</p><br>
<p>It was built about 1885 for Bernard Cogan, son of Patrick Cogan, the owner of a local shoe factory. Patrick Cogan founded P. Cogan & Son in 1876, and was one of three major local shoe manufacturers to survive into the 20th century. This house was typical in size and scale for the more successful of Stonehams businessmen, and is similar to the house of Bernards brother James, who was his business partner in the firm.</p><br>
<p>The James Cogan House is a historic house at 48 Elm Street in Stoneham, Massachusetts. It was built about 1890 for James Cogan, son of a prominent local shoe manufacturer, and is a prominent local example of Queen Anne architecture. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The James Cogan House stands east of Stoneham&#39;s Central Square, at the northeast corner of Waverly Street with Elm Street, the latter being a major east-west road from the center. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and synthetic sided exterior. The house follows a basic rectangular plan, which is disguised by a wraparound porch on the first floor, and a projecting bay window with gable top above the entrance on the right, and a multi-sided turret above on the left. The house was listed on the National Register in part for its architectural style, but many of those features have been lost by the application of vinyl siding. Surviving features include the round porch columns, and finials at the peaks of the gables.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1890 for James Cogan, son of Patrick Cogan, owner of a local shoe factory. P. Cogan and Son, founded in 1876, was one of Stoneham&#39;s successful shoe manufacturers that survived into the 20th century. James Cogan and his brother Bernard (whose house stands on Flint Street) carried on the business after their father; both of their houses typify the improved social standing attending the success of the business.</p><br>
<p>The Colonial Beacon Gas Station is a historic gas station at 474 Main Street in Stoneham, Massachusetts. It was built c. 1922 by the Colonial Oil Company to be a flagship station in their chain of filling stations. The concrete and stucco building was designed by the Boston firm of Coolidge & Carlson. It has two main sections: an octagonal section that once served as a drive-through filling area, and a rectangular service area to its left. Corinthian columns originally supported the octagonal section; these have since been covered over or replaced. The octagonal section is topped by a round dome, at whose apex is a small pillared section that was once topped by a grillwork globe that housed a light. This light, when illuminated, became the beacon which gives the station its name. The service area and pumping bay have a band of starburst panels that run along the top of the flat roofed service area and around the base of the pumping area dome.</p><br>
<p>The building served as a filling station until after World War II. Since then it has served a variety of retail services, for example as a flower and produce shop in 1984. None of these uses have significantly affected the integrity of the building. The pumping bay has been enclosed in glass, making it into an integral part of the interior space.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, at which time it was one of four surviving Colonial Oil filling stations. It presently houses an ice cream parlor.</p><br>
<p>The George Cowdrey House is a historic house at 42 High Street in Stoneham, Massachusetts. It was built about 1865 for George Cowdrey, a local shoe manufacturer and state legislator, and is one of the town&#39;s finest examples of residential Second Empire architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The George Cowdrey House stands near the crest of a hill northeast of Stoneham&#39;s Central Square, on the west side of High Street north of its junction with Cowdrey Street (which is also named for George Cowdrey). It is a modest two-story building, set on a large lot with a low stone retaining wall at the sidewalk. The house os covered with a mansard roof and has a clapboarded exterior. A porch wraps around to the left side, with a gazebo section at the corner. The porch is supported by round Tuscan columns and has dentil moulding at the eave. The mansard roof doormers are topped by segmented arches and have scrollwork framing around their windows. Stylistically sympathetic ells extend to the side and rear of the main block, which exhibits high quality craftsmanship both outside and inside.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1865, and is one a few well preserved Second Empire residence in Stoneham. It was built for George Cowdrey, a Stoneham native, shoe manufacturer, and state legislator. The most significant alterations to the house after its construction are the porch and gazebo (added about 1900), and the leaded sidelights flanking the front entrance.</p><br>
<p>The Blake Daniels Cottage is a historic house at 111–113 Elm Street in Stoneham, Massachusetts. Built in 1860, it is a good example of a Greek Revival worker&#39;s residence, with an older wing that may have housed the manufactory of shoe lasts. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Blake Daniels Cottage stands in a residential area of eastern Stoneham, at the southwest corner of Elm Street and Duncklee Avenue. It is a tall 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. A single-story ell, possibly of earlier construction than the main house, extends to the west. The main block has a three bay facade, with the main entrance in the right bay, flanked on one side by a sidelight window, and framed by pilasters and a corniced entablature. The ell has a second entrance, sheltered by an Italianate hood. A brick chimney is set at the center of the eastern facade (facing Duncklee), with the roof on either side pierced by shed-roof dormers.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1860, and is among the better preserved of Stonehams Greek Revival houses, as well as being an important site preserving part of Stonehams early home-based shoe manufacturing businesses. Its owner, Blake Daniels, operated a small manufactory of shoe lasts at this location up to the 1870s. The manufacture of shoe parts and tools for shoe manufacture was a common cottage industry in the town at that time.</p><br>
<p>The Dow Block is a historic commercial building on Central Square in Stoneham, Massachusetts. Built in 1864, it is the first of three mid-19th century buildings that define Central Square, and is a fine example of Second Empire architecture. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, and was included in the Central Square Historic District in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Central Square in the heart of Stoneham is a triangular square defined by Main Street (Massachusetts Route 28), which runs north-south, and Central Street, which extends northeast from a junction that also includes Franklin Street. The Dow Block stands just north of a small plaza at the corner. It is a 3-1/2 story brick building with a mansard roof, and presenting a symmetrical facade south to the square. The roof is made of patterned slate tiles, and has a central projecting and raised section. Three dormers with hip roofs and small central gables are arranged across, the central one with a three-part window and the outer ones with paired sash windows. The facade is divided into three portions demarcated by sandstone quoins at the corners and similar piers between. Windows on the second and third floors are separated by Stick style panels.</p><br>
<p>The Dow Block was built in 1864 by Moses Dow, a real estate investor from Charlestown. Early uses of the building included housing the town post office and library. Along with the Oddfellows Building (c. 1870) and Chase Block (1874), the building is one of the defining elements of Stoneham&#39;s Central Square.</p><br>
